Unit-I – Constituent Assembly and Framing of Indian Constitution; Main Issues and Approaches; The Preamble, Salient Features of the Indian Constitution, Fundamental Rights and Duties; Directive Principles of State Policy.
संविधान निर्मात्री सभा और भारतीय संविधान का निर्माण – प्रमुख मुद्दे एवं दृष्टिकोण; उद्देशिका, भारतीय संविधान की प्रमुख विशेषताएं, मौलिक अधिकार एवं कर्तव्य, राज्य के नीति निदेशक तत्व ।

Unit-II – Union Executive The President, Prime Minister and Council of Ministers – Powers, Functions and Relationship.
संघीय कार्यपालिका – राष्ट्रपति, प्रधानमंत्री और मंत्रीपरिषद् – शक्तियां, कार्य एवं परस्पर
सम्बन्ध।

:Unit-III –  Parliament Lok Sabha and Rajya Sabha – Composition and Powers; Supreme Court Composition, Powers, Judicial Review and Judicial Activism, The Election Commission and electoral reforms.
:संसद : लोक सभा एवं राज्य सभा – गठन एवं शक्तियां, उच्चतम न्यायालय – गठन, शक्तियां, न्यायिक पुनरावलोकन एवं न्यायिक सक्रियता, निर्वाचन आयोग तथा चुनाव सुधार ।

Unit-IV – Federalism – Place of States in the Indian Union; Centre – State Relations, New Trends and Development;                                  Demand for Autonomy Governor Powers and Its Role in Federal Polity.                                                       संघवाद – भारतीय संघ में राज्यों की स्थिति; केन्द्र राज्य संबंध – नई प्रवृत्तियां और विकास, स्वायत्तता की मांग; राज्यपाल- शक्तियां व संघीय व्यवस्था में उसकी भूमिका ।

Unit-V – : Indian Parliamentary System; Multi-Party System; Regional Parties and Coalition Governments; Criminilisation of Politics, Caste in Politics, Poverty Alleviation.
भारतीय संसदीय व्यवस्था – बहुदलीय व्यवस्था; क्षेत्रीय दल एवं गठबंधन सरकारें; राजनीति का अपराधीकरण, राजनीति में जातिवाद, निर्धनता उन्नमूलन ।

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भूगोल (Geography) Syllabus For B.A. IInd Semester of Maharaja Ganga Singh University, Bikaner

HUMAN GEOGRAPHY

• Unit I : Human Geography : Definition, Nature, Scope and Principles. Inter-disciplinary Approach, Understanding of Cultural Landscape, Man-Nature Relationship— Determinism, Possibilism, Neo-Determinism.
• Unit II : Cultural Regions; Race (Griffith Taylor’s Classification), Tribes—Eskimo, Bushman, Pygmy, Santhal, Nagas, Bhil. Religious and Linguistics composition of World Population.
• Unit III : World Population : Growth, Distribution, Density, Sex-Ratio and Literacy. Population Growth Theory (Malthusian and Demographic Transition Theory). Human Development Index (HDI).
• Unit IV : Factors, Types and Consequences of Migration, Griffith Taylor’s Migration Theory. Trends and Patterns of Urbanisation of the World. Settlements—Types and Patterns. Christallers’s Central Place Theory.

PRACTICAL-II

• Unit I : Definition and Types of Profiles : Serial, Superimposed, Projected and Composite. Weather instruments with description and diagrams, Weather Symbols, Interpretation of Indian daily Weather maps (July and January).
• Unit II : Graphs : Hythergraph and Climograph, Climatograph, Water budget graph, Wind rose.
  Surveying : Meaning, Classification and Significance. Chain and Tape Surveying Open Traverse and Tie-line.

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भारत का समाजशास्त्र (Sociology of India) Syllabus For B.A. IInd Semester of Babasaheb Bhimrao Ambedkar Bihar University, Bhupendra Narayan Mandal University, Jai Prakash University, Lalit Narayan Mithila University, Magadh University, Munger University, Patliputra University, Patna University, Purnea University, Tilka Manjhi Bhagalpur University, Veer Kunwar Singh University

• Unit – I : Introductory : (a) Features of the Indian Society and Culture; (b) Unity in Diversity.
• Unit – II : Social Institutions : (a) Caste—Definition, Origin, Features and Recent Changes; (b) Dominant Caste—Concept and Significance; (c) Jajmani System—Concept and Significance; (d) Joint Family—Definition, Characteristics and Factors of Disintegration; (e) Marriage—Hindu, Muslim and Tribal; (f) Kinship—Definition, Types and Usages.
• Unit – III : Communities : (a) Tribe—Definition and Characteristics; Caste and Tribe— Differences; (b) Village Community—Features and Changing Trends.
• Unit – IV : Women and Society : (a) Status of Women in India—Changing Patterns; (b) Women Empowerment—Concept, Factors and Obstacles.
• Unit – V : Tutorial

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राजनीति विज्ञान (Political Science) Syllabus B.A. (Hons) IInd Semester (Major Course) of Ranchi University & Nilamber Pitamber University

I . Major Course- INDIAN POLITICAL THOUGHT

Unit-I 1. Manu : Manusmriti—Theory of Kinship, Principles of Jurisprudence. 2. Kautilya : Saptang and Mandal Theory.
Unit-II 1. Mahatama Gandhi : Ahinsa, Satya and Satyagraha, Gram Swara. 2. B.R. Ambedkar : Social Democracy and Political and Social Ideas.
Unit-III 1. Lohia : 4 pillars of Democracy and Decentralization. 2 J.P. Narayan : Total Revolution and Party Less Democracy.
Unit-IV 1. Deen Dayal Upadhayaya : Integral Humanism and V.D. Savarkar :Hindutva and Social Reforms.

II . Major Course- INDIAN NATIONAL MOVEMENT AND CONSTITUTIONAL DEVELOPMENT

Unit-I 1. Indian National Movement : The Liberal Phase. 2. Indian National Movement : The Extremist and Revolutionary Phase.
Unit-II 1. The Gandhian Phase : Non-Cooperation Movement, Civil Disobedience Movement and Quit India Movement.
Unit-III 1. Morley-Minto Reform Act of 1909 and Montague Chelmsford Act of 1919. 2. Simon Commission and Government of India Act of 1935 : Main Provisions. 3. Indian Independence Act of 1947 : Main Provisions.

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अर्थशास्त्र में गणितीय पद्धतियां (Mathematical Methods in Economics) Syllabus For B.A. IInd Semester of Babasaheb Bhimrao Ambedkar Bihar University, Bhupendra Narayan Mandal University, Jai Prakash University, Lalit Narayan Mithila University, Magadh University, Munger University, Patliputra University, Patna University, Purnea University, Tilka Manjhi Bhagalpur University, Veer Kunwar Singh University

MAJOR COURSE :

• Unit – I : Preliminaries : Logic and Proof Techniques, Sets and Set Operations, Ordered Pairs and Cartesian Products; Cartesian Products; Functions and their Properties; Number System; Basic Idea of Permutation and Combination; Progression : Arithmetic, Geometric and Harmonic Progression.
• Unit – II : Functions of One Variable : (a) Graphs, Elementary Types of Functions : Quadratic, Polynomial, Power, Exponential and Logarithmic Functions; (b) Sequences and Series : Convergence and Divergence, Algebraic Properties and Applications; (c) Continuous Functions : Characteristics and Properties of Continuous Functions, Convergence and Divergence; (d) Limit of a Function : Method to Evaluate the Limit of Algebraic, Logarithmic and Exponential Functions.
• Unit – III : Rules of Differentiation : Differentiable Functions, Derivatives of Sum, Difference, Product and Quotient Functions, Second and Higher Order Derivatives, Applications of Differentiation in Economics.
• Unit – IV : Single-Variable Optimization : Conditions for Maxima and Minima, Simple Applications of Maxima and Minima in Economics—Maximization of Profit/Net Revenue, Cost Minimization.

MINOR COURSE :

• Unit – I : Preliminaries : Logic and Proof Techniques, Sets and Set Operations, Ordered Pairs and Cartesian Products; Functions and Their Properties; Number System; Basic Idea of Permutation and Combination; Progression : Arithmetic, Geometric and Harmonic Progression.
• Unit – II : Functions of One Variable : (a) Graphs, Elementary Types of Functions : Quadratic, Polynomial, Power, Exponential and Logarithmic Functions; (b) Sequences and Series : Convergence and Divergence, Algebraic Properties and Applications; (c) Limit of a Functions : Method to Evaluate the Limit of Algebraic, Logarithmic and Exponential Functions.
• Unit – III : Rules of Differentiation : Differentiable Functions, Derivatives of Sum, Difference, Product and Quotient Functions, Second and Higher Order Derivatives, Simple Applications of Differentiation in Economics, Concepts of Marginal Cost, Marginal Revenue and Elasticity of Demand.

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राजनीतिक सिद्धान्त (Political Theory) Syllabus For B.A. Ist Semester of Kota University

• Unit-I : Political Science : Meaning, Nomenclature and Scope, Traditional and Contemporary Prespectives of Political Science, Behaviourlism and Post- Behaviouralism, Inter Disciplinary Approach in Political Science, Relation of Political Science with Other Social Sciences.
• Unit-II : State : Theories Development of State as Welfare State, Sovereignty; Monistic and Pluralistic Theories.
• Unit-III : Concepts : Power, Authority, Legitimacy, Citizenship, Rights, Liberty, Equality and Justice, Political Modernization.
• Unit-IV : Democracy and Dictatorship, Political Parties, Pressure Groups, Theories of Representation, Rule of Law and Constitutionalism.
• Unit-V : Organs of Government and their Functions (with reference to recent trends). Legislature, Executive and Judiciary.

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संवैधानिक शासन और भारत में प्रजातंत्र (लोकतंत्र) Constitutional Government and Democracy in India Syllabus For B.A. IInd Semester of Various Universities of Bihar

Major Course : CONSTITUTIONAL GOVERNMENT AND DEMOCRACY IN INDIA
Unit 1 : The Constituent Assembly and the Making of the Constitution
(a) Making of the Constitution, Debates in the Constituent Assembly,
(b) Philosophy and Preamble of the Constitution
(c) Salient Features of the Constitution
(d) Fundamental Rights, Duties and Directive Principles

Unit 2 : Organs of the Government

(a) Legislature : Parliament
(b) Executive : President and Prime Minister
(c) The Judiciary : Appointment of Judges in High Courts and the Supreme Court, Power and Functions of High Courts and the Supreme Court.

Unit 3 : Dynamics of the Constitution-1 
(a) Amendment Procedure, Major Constitutional Amendments
(b) Unitary and Federal Features of the Indian Constitution
(c) Centre-State Relations
(d) Election Commission and Electoral Reforms
(e) Emergency provisions in the Constitution

Unit 4 : Dynamics of the Constitution-2

(a) Political Parties; National and Regional Parties
(b) Governor and Chief Minister
(c) Changing Role of the Governor
(d) Local-Self Government.

Minor Course : CONSTITUTIONAL GOVERNMENT AND DEMOCRACY IN INDIA
Unit 1 : Making of the Constitution 

(a) Preamble of the Constitution
(b) Salient Features of the Constitution
(c) Fundamental Rights, Duties and Directive Principles

Unit 2 : Organs of the Government

(a) Legislature : Parliament
(b) Executive : President and Prime Minister
(c) Powers and Functions of High Courts and the Supreme Court.
Unit 3 : Dynamics of the Constitution-1

(a) Amendment Procedures.
(b) Unitary and Federal Features of the Indian Constitution
(c) Emergency provisions in the Constitution

Unit 4 : Dynamics of the Constitution-2 

(a) Governor and Chief Minister
(b) Local-Self Government.

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भूगोल (Geography) Syllabus For B.A. IInd Semester of Various Universities of Bihar 

CLIMATOLOGY AND OCEANOGRAPHY

Unit – I: Composition and Structure of Atmosphere, Insolation.
Unit – II: Air Masses and Fronts—Concepts, Classification and Properties; Tropical and Temperate Cyclones.

Unit – III: Classification of Climate—Koppen’s and Thornthwaite’s, Climatic Change— Causes and evidences.

Unit – IV: Relief of the Ocean floor : Continental Shelf, Slope and Deep Sea Plain, Bottom Relief of Indian and Atlantic Ocean, Factors of Salinity of Oceans.

MAJOR COURSE : PRACTICAL

Unit – I: Graphical Representation of Wind Rose, Cyclone and Anticyclone
Unit – II: Interpretation of Weather Map : Climograph and Hythergraph.
Unit – III: Metrological Instruments : Functions of Wind Vane and Anemometer, Barometer, Dry and Wet Bulb Thermometer.

MINOR COURSE : CLIMATOLOGY AND OCEANOGRAPHY

Unit – I: Composition and Structure of Atmosphere, Precipitation.
Unit – II: Atmospheric Pressure, Winds and Cyclones.
Unit – III : Relief of the Oceanic Bottom : Salinity of Ocean water.

MINOR COURSE : PRACTICAL

Unit – I: Interpretation of Weather Maps: Wind Rose.
Unit – II: Functions of Wind Vane, Anemometer, Barometer, and Rain Gauge.

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भूगोल (Geography) Syllabus For B.A. Ist Semester of Maharaja Ganga Singh University, Bikaner

PAPER-I : PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY
(With Special Reference to Geomorphology)

• Unit I (a) The place of Geomorphology in Physical Geography, (b) Solar system, Origin of the Earth: Nebular hypothesis, tidal hypothesis, Big Bang theory, (c) Physical and chemical state of the interior of the earth: Structure and zone. (d) Alfred Wegner’s theory of continental drift. (e) Plate tectonics.
• Unit II (a) Isostasy, (b) Theories of mountain building: Joly, Kober and Arthur Holmes, (c) Rocks : their types and characteristics.
• Unit III (a) Weathering and soil formation, (b) Earth movements: diastrophism-faults and folds. (c) Earthquakes, (d) Volcanoes: causes and landforms.
• Unit IV (a) Cycle of erosion-W.M. Davis and Walther Penck, (b) Fluvial landforms, (c) Karst landforms.
• Unit V (a) Glacial landforms, (b) Aeolian landform, (c) Coastal landforms.

PAPER-II : GEOGRAPHY OF RESOURCES

• Unit I Geography of Resources : Introductory, Meaning, nature and components of resources. Resources and environment interface.
• Unit-II Classification of Resources : Renewable and non-renewable, biotic (forests, wild-life, livestock, fisheries and agricultural crops) and abiotic (water, land and minerals).
• Unit-III Distribution and utilization of minerals and energy resources ; Their economic and environmental significance. Major soil types and their distribution; Problems of soil erosion and soil conservation.
• Unit-IV Types and distribution of forests, flora, fauna and fisheries ; their economic and environmental significance. Conservation of forest resources.
• Unit-V Distribution and utilization of water ; water harvesting—needs; forms of water; ground water— utility; storing rain water for direct use; economic and environmental significance.

PRACTICAL

Contents :
(1) Scale—Plain, Comparative and Diagonal.
(2) Enlargement, Reduction and Combination of Maps.
(3) Chain—Tape Survey.
(4) Mean, Median, Mode and Standard Deviation.

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समाजशास्त्र (Sociology) Syllabus For B.A. Ist & IInd Semester of Rajasthan University

EXPLORING SOCIOLOGY

• Unit-I: Sociology and Philosophy, History and Development of Global Sociology. History and Development of Indian Sociology, Cultural Ethnography.
• Unit-II: Sociology and Other Social Sciences; Purposes of Sociology-Public Sociology, Radical/Critical Sociology, New Sociology. Sociology as a Profession, Role, and Importance of Sociology in Life World.
• Unit-III: Sociological Methods: Empirical, Historical, Evolutionary and Comparative.
• Unit-IV: Society: A Society. The Society and Typology of Society (Herbert Spencer, Emile Durkheim, and Karl Marx Community, Gesellschaft, Gemeinschaft, Imagined Community, and Virtual Society.

BASIC CONCEPTS IN SOCIOLOGY

• Unit-I: Social structure, Institution and Social systems Social Groups, Status and Role, Culture, Norms and values.
• Unit-II: Socialization: Concept, Agencies and Theories, Indoctrination, Social Stratification: Concept, Forms, and Theories.
• Unit-III: Social Change and Social Mobility: Concept, Forms and Theories, Social Control: Concept, Factors, Agencies and Theories.
• Unit-IV: Social Interaction: The Social Process. Associative Social processes: Co-operation, Integration, Accommodation, Assimilation, Acculturation. Dissociative Processes: Competition, Conflict and Contravention.

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