Business Organisation and Management Syllabus For B.Com. Second Semester of Various Universities of Bihar

1. Business : Concept, meaning, features, stages of development of business and its importance classification of Business Activities. Meaning features, importance, objectives of Business Organisation, its types & kinds, Difference between Trade, Industry & Commerce.
2. Promotion of Business : Consideration in establishing a New Business, Qualities of a successful Businessman. Forms of Business Organisation. Sole proprietorship, Partnership, J.S. Companies, Cooperatives and their characteristics, relative merits & demerits, Distinction between private and public company concept of one person company.
3. Plant Location : Concept, Meaning, Importance, Factors affecting plant location, size of a Business unit : Criteria for measuring the size, factors affecting the size, optimum size and factors determining the optimum size.
4. Principles and Functions of Management : Management—Meaning and Characteristics. Fayol’s 14 Principles of Management. Functions of Management, Levels of Management—Skills of Management. Scientific Management—Meaning, objectives, relevance and criticism,
5. Business Combination : Meaning, characteristics objectives, Causes, Forms and Kinds of Business
   Combination. Rationalization : Meaning, Characteristics, Objectives, Principles, Merits & Demerits.

The post व्यावसायिक संगठन एवं प्रबन्ध (Business Organisation and Management) appeared first on Sahitya Bhawan Publications.

Business Organisation and Management Syllabus For B.Com. Second Semester of Various Universities of Bihar

1. Business : Concept, meaning, features, stages of development of business and its importance classification of Business Activities. Meaning features, importance, objectives of Business Organisation, its types & kinds, Difference between Trade, Industry & Commerce.
2. Promotion of Business : Consideration in establishing a New Business, Qualities of a successful Businessman. Forms of Business Organisation. Sole proprietorship, Partnership, J.S. Companies, Cooperatives and their characteristics, relative merits & demerits, Distinction between private and public company concept of one person company.
3. Plant Location : Concept, Meaning, Importance, Factors affecting plant location, size of a Business unit : Criteria for measuring the size, factors affecting the size, optimum size and factors determining the optimum size.
4. Principles and Functions of Management : Management—Meaning and Characteristics. Fayol’s 14 Principles of Management. Functions of Management, Levels of Management—Skills of Management. Scientific Management—Meaning, objectives, relevance and criticism,
5. Business Combination : Meaning, characteristics objectives, Causes, Forms and Kinds of Business
   Combination. Rationalization : Meaning, Characteristics, Objectives, Principles, Merits & Demerits.

Business Organisation and Management Contents:-

1. Business (Concept, Meaning, Features And Stages Of Business Development)
2. Promotion Of Business (Considerations In Establishing New Business)
3. Qualities Of A Successful Businessman
4. Forms Of Business Organisation And Sole Proprietorship
5. Partnership (Including Limited Liability Partnership)
6. Joint Stock Company And One Person Company
7. Co-Operative Organisation
8. Plant Location
9. Plant Layout
10. Size Of Business Unit
11. Business Combination
12. Rationalization
13. Social Responsibility Of Business
14. Organization (Principles Of Organization)
15. Management (Meaning And Characteristics)
16. Development Of Management Thought (Scientific Management, Fayol’S 14 Principles)
17. Functions Of Management
18. Levels Of Management
19. Skills Of Management

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Business Organisation and Management Syllabus For B.Com. (Hons.) Ist Semester of Ranchi University, Kolhan University, Chaibasa and Vinoba Bhave University, HazaribagUnit I : Concept and Forms of Business Organisations
1. Concepts of Business, Trade, Industry and Commerce-Objectives and functions of Business.
2. Social Responsibility of a business, Responsible Business, Ethical Conduct & Human Values, code of business ethics.
3. Forms of Business Organisation-Meaning, Characteristics and types.
4. Sole Proprietorship-Advantages and Disadvantages of Sole Proprietorship.
5. Partnership-Meaning, Characteristics, Advantages and Disadvantages of Partnership-Kinds of Partners – Partnership Deed.
6. Registration of partnership, Rights and duties of Partners, Reconstitution of Firm, and dissolution.
7. Limited Liability Partnership-Concept, Meaning, Characteristics, Formation and Incorporation of LLP, Partners and their relations, financial disclosures, conversion into LLP, Foreign LLP, Winding up and dissolution.
8. Hindu Undivided Family Business-Advantages and Disadvantages.
9. Co-operative Organisation-Meaning, Advantages and Disadvantages.
Unit II : Joint Stock Company
1. Joint Stock Company-Meaning, Definition, Characteristics – Advantages and Disadvantages.
2. Kinds of Companies.
3. Promotion-Stages of Promotion-Promoter-Characteristics-Kinds-Preparation of Important Documents-Memorandum of Association-Clauses-Articles of Association-Contents– Prospectus-Contents–Red herring Prospectus Statement In lieu of Prospectus (as per Companies Act, 2013).
4. Oppression, Mismanagement, Rights to apply, Powers of Tribunal, Provisions related to Compromises, Arrangement and Amalgamations, Winding up of Company : Concept and Modes of Winding Up; Provisions of winding up under Insolvency and Bankruptcy Code, 2016.
5. Definitions; Constitution of National Company Law Tribunal; Constitution of Appellate Tribunal; Appeal from orders of Tribunal; Power to punish for contempt.
Unit III : Principles and Functions of Management
1. Management-Meaning and Characteristics.
2. Fayol’s 14 Principles of Management.
3. Functions of Management.
4. Levels of Management–Skills of Management.
5. Scientific Management-meaning, objectives, relevance and criticism.
Unit IV : Functions of Management: Planning and Organizing
1. Planning-Meaning, Characteristics, Types of Plans, Advantages and Disadvantages– Approaches to Planning-Management by Objectives (MBO)-Steps in MBO-Benefits– Weaknesses.
2. Organizing-Process of Organizing; Principles of Organisation – Formal and Informal Organisations–Line, Staff Organisations, Line and Staff Conflicts. Functional Organisation.
3. Span of Management-Meaning – Determining Span – Factors influencing the Span of Supervision.
Unit V : Functions of Management: Authority, Coordination, and Control

1. Meaning of Authority, Power, responsibility and accountability – Delegation of Authority-
Decentralization of Authority.

2. Definition, importance, process, and principles of Coordination techniques of Effective Coordination.
3. Control-Meaning, Relationship between planning and control, Steps in Control–Types (post, current, and pre-control). Requirements for effective control.
Unit VI : Functions of Management: Communication, Motivation and Leadership
1. Communication-purpose, process, formal and informal communication, barriers to effective communication and overcoming these barriers.
2. Motivation-Meaning, importance, major motivation theories- Maslow’s need hierarchy theory, Herzberg’s two-factors theory, Vroom’s Expectation Theory, extrinsic and intrinsic motivation.
3. Leadership-meaning, theories, essential qualities, global leadership attributes, practicing leadership.

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Business Organisation and Management Syllabus For B.Com. Ist Semester (Minor Course) of Kolhan University, Vinoba Bhave University & B.Com. IInd Semester (Major Course) of Ranchi University, Nilamber Pitamber University, Binod Bihari Mahto Koyalanchal University

• Unit I : Concept and Forms of Business Organisations 1. Concepts of Business, Trade, Industry and Commerce-Objectives and functions of Business. 2. Social Responsibility of a business, Responsible Business, Ethical Conduct & Human Values, code of business ethics. 3. Forms of Business Organisation-Meaning, Characteristics and types. 4. Sole Proprietorship-Advantages and Disadvantages of Sole Proprietorship. 5. Partnership-Meaning, Characteristics, Advantages and Disadvantages of Partnership-Kinds of Partners – Partnership Deed. 6. Registration of partnership, Rights and duties of Partners, Reconstitution of Firm, and dissolution. 7. Limited Liability Partnership-Concept, Meaning, Characteristics, Formation and Incorporation of LLP, Partners and their relations, financial disclosures, conversion into LLP, Foreign LLP, Winding up and dissolution. 8. Hindu Undivided Family Business-Advantages and Disadvantages. 9. Co-operative Organisation-Meaning, Advantages and Disadvantages.
• Unit II : Joint Stock Company 1. Joint Stock Company-Meaning, Definition, Characteristics – Advantages and Disadvantages. 2. Kinds of Companies. 3. Promotion-Stages of Promotion-Promoter-Characteristics-Kinds-Preparation of Important Documents-Memorandum of Association-Clauses-Articles of Association-Contents– Prospectus-Contents–Red herring Prospectus Statement In lieu of Prospectus (as per
  Companies Act, 2013). 4. Oppression, Mismanagement, Rights to apply, Powers of Tribunal, Provisions related to Compromises, Arrangement and Amalgamations, Winding up of Company : Concept and Modes of Winding Up; Provisions of winding up under Insolvency and Bankruptcy Code, 2016.
  5. Definitions; Constitution of National Company Law Tribunal; Constitution of Appellate Tribunal; Appeal from orders of Tribunal; Power to punish for contempt.
• Unit III : Principles and Functions of Management 1. Management-Meaning and Characteristics. 2. Fayol’s 14 Principles of Management. 3. Functions of Management. 4. Levels of Management–Skills of Management. 5. Scientific Management-meaning, objectives, relevance and criticism.
• Unit IV : Functions of Management: Planning and Organizing 1. Planning-Meaning, Characteristics, Types of Plans, Advantages and Disadvantages– Approaches to Planning-Management by Objectives (MBO)-Steps in MBO-Benefits– Weaknesses. 2. Organizing-Process of Organizing; Principles of Organisation – Formal and Informal Organisations–Line, Staff Organisations, Line and Staff Conflicts. Functional Organisation. 3. Span of Management-Meaning – Determining Span – Factors influencing the Span of Supervision.
• Unit V : Functions of Management: Authority, Coordination, and Control 1. Meaning of Authority, Power, responsibility and accountability – Delegation of Authority- Decentralization of Authority. 2. Definition, importance, process, and principles of Coordination techniques of Effective Coordination. 3. Control-Meaning, Relationship between planning and control, Steps in Control–Types (post, current, and pre-control). Requirements for effective control.
• Unit VI : Functions of Management: Communication, Motivation and Leadership 1. Communication-purpose, process, formal and informal communication, barriers to effective communication and overcoming these barriers. 2. Motivation-Meaning, importance, major motivation theories- Maslow’s need hierarchy theory, Herzberg’s two-factors theory, Vroom’s Expectation Theory, extrinsic and intrinsic motivation. 3. Leadership-meaning, theories, essential qualities, global leadership attributes, practicing leadership.

Contents:

1. Management Practices In Indian ‘Vedas’
2. Management (Concept, Characteristics, Nature, Process And Significance)
3. Managerial Roles (Mintzberg)
4. Functional Areas Of Management
5. Development Of Management Thought (Classical And Neo Classical System; Contingency Approach, System Approach)
6. Planning
7. Planning Process
8. Types Of Plans
9. Decision-Making
10. Management By Objectives
11. Organisation And Departmentation
12. Authority And Responsibility Relationships
13. Centralisation And Decentralisation
14. Organization Structure : Forms
15. Direction : Concept And Techniques
16. Co-Ordination As An Essence Of Management
17. Communication (Nature, Process And Networks)
18. Barriers To Communication
19. Effective Communication
20. Management Of Change (Process For Planned Change)
21. Recruitment And Selection
22. Controling
23. Motivation
24. Leadership
25. Leadership Theories
26. Delegation Of Authority
27. Business : Concept, Meaning And Features
28. Promotion Of Business (Considerations In Establishing New Business)
29. Forms Of Business Organisation And Sole Proprietorship
30. Partnership (Including Limited Liability Partnership)
31. Joint Stock Company And One Person Company
32. Co-Operative Organisation
33. Social Responsibility Of Business
34. Promotion Of A Company
35. Memorandum Of Association
36. Articles Of Association
37. Prospectus
38. Prevention Of Oppression And Mismanagement
39. Compromises, Arrangements And Amalgamations
40. Winding Up Of Companies
41. National Company Law Tribunal And National Company Law Appellate Tribunal
42. Functions Of Management
43. Levels Of Management Or Managerial Hierarchy

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Provisions of the Companies Act, 2013 have been incorporated in the chapter on Joint Stock Company and One Person Company.
Limited Liability Partnership (Amendment) Act, 2021 as passed by both the Houses of Paliament in August, 2021 has been incorporated in the book.
The book has been written in simple language that ensures easy understanding.
Suggestions for improvement of the book are solicited.

Business Organisation and Management Syllabus For B.Com. Ist Semester of Various Universites of Uttarkhand & Patna

• Unit I : Introduction : Business Concept and Objects, Social Responsibility of Business Establishment of New Business Meaning, Objectives Meaning, Objectives and Principles of Organisation, Size of Business Unit, Factors determining Size, Measurement of Size, Concept of Optimum size.
• Unit II : Forms of Business Organisation : Sole Tradership, Partnership Firm, Business (Public and Private), Formation and Choice of Business Organization, Definition of Management, Its nature of purpose, Fayol’s Principles and Elements of Management, Recent Developments of Management Thought.
• Unit III : Planning and Organising : Its nature and purpose, types of plans, Planning steps and process, Management by objectives (MBO), Decision-Making, Forecasting, Organisational Design and Organisational Structure, Power and Distribution of Authority.
• Unit IV : Motivation, Leadership and Direction : Maslow’s Need Hierarchy Theory, Herzberg’s Two Factor Theory, Job Enlargement, Special Motivation Techniques, Definition and Approaches to Leadership, The Principal Tasks of Leadership Role and Principles of Direction.
• Unit V : Controlling : Meaning, definition and techniques of control, Principle of Controlling, Process of Control and Types of Controls, Human Aspect of Controls.
• Unit VI : Plant Location : Concept, Meaning, Importance, Factors Affecting Plant Location. Alfred Weber’s and Sargent Florence’s Theories of Location. Plant Layout—Meaning, Objectives, Importance, Types and Principles of Layout. Factors Affecting Layout.
• Unit VII : Business Combination : Meaning, Characteristics, Objectives, Causes, Forms and Kinds of Business Combination.
• Unit VIII : Rationalization: Meaning, Characteristics, Objectives, Principles, Merits and demerits, Difference between Rationalisation and Nationalisation.

Contents :

1. Business : Concept, Meaning And Features
2. Promotion Of Business (Considerations In Establishing New Business)
3. Qualities Of A Successful Businessman
4. Forms Of Business Organisation And Sole Proprietorship
5. Partnership (Including Limited Liability Partnership)
6. Joint Stock Company And One Person Company
7. Co-Operative Organisation
8. Plant Location
9. Plant Layout
10. Size Of Business Unit
11. Business Combination
12. Rationalisation
13. Social Responsibility Of Business
14. Organization (Principles Of Organization)
15. Management (Concept, Characteristics, Nature, Process And Significance)
16. Development Of Management Thought (Classical And Neo-Classical System; Contingency Approach, System Approach)
17. Planning
18. Types Of Plans
19. Planning Process
20. Management By Objectives
21. Decision-Making
22. Forecasting
23. Organization Design And Structure
24. Authority (Power And Distribution)
25. Motivation
26. Leadership
27. Direction (Concept And Techniques)
28. Controlling
29. Functions Of Management

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• पुस्तक नवीन पाठ्यक्रम के अनुरूप लिखी गई है |
• पुस्तक की अव्दितीय विशेषता यह है की इसमें पाठ्यक्रम के सभी शीर्षकों पर विस्तृत सामग्री का समावेश किया गया है |
• पुस्तक की भाषा को सरल, बोधगम्य एवं सहज ग्राह्र रखा गया है ताकि पाठक रूचि के साथ विषय का अध्ययन कर संके | तकनीकी शब्दों को अंग्रेजी में भी दिया गया है ताकि पाठकों को उन्हें समझने में कठिनाई न हो |
• प्रत्येक अध्याय में सम्बंधित विषय का सिध्दन्तिक, व्यावहारिक तथा वर्तमान परिवर्तनों के परिवेश में यथेष्ट, तर्कसंगत, विश्लेषणात्मक एवं सारगर्भित विवेचन किया गया है |
• पुस्तक में कठिन विषयों को सुग्राह्र एवं सुस्मरणीय बनाने के उदेश्य से चार्टों, सारणियों, चित्रों एवं रेखाचित्रों का यथास्थान प्रचुरता से प्रयोग किया गया है |
• संयुक्त पूंजी कम्पनी से सम्बन्धित अध्याय में कम्पनी अधिनियम, 2013 में हुए अब तक के परिवर्तनों एवं संशोधनों का यथास्थान समावेश किया गया है |
• ‘व्यवसाय वृध्दि के 4 चरण’ शीर्षक के अन्तर्गत 25 अगस्त, 2021 को केन्द्र सरकार द्वारा ‘स्टार्टअप’ के लिए प्रारम्भ समृध्द योजना’ को सम्मिलित किया गया है |
• पुस्तक में वित्त अधिनियम, 2021 के आधार पर ‘एक व्यक्ति कम्पनी’ (One Person Company) में नवीनतम सामग्री का समावेश किया गया है |
• प्रबन्ध के ऐसे सिद्धान्तों तथा अवधारणों को जो छात्रों की दृष्टि से समझने में कठिन है, भारतीय परिवेश तथा कम्पनियों के उदाहरणों द्वारा स्पष्ट करने का प्रयास किया गया है |
• प्रबन्ध के कुछेक सिद्धान्तों को आवश्यकतानुसार तालिकाओं तथा चित्रों की सहायता से बोधगम्य बनाया गया है |
• विद्यार्थियों के पुनस्मृर्ण एवं अभ्यास हेतु प्रत्येक अध्याय के अंत में दीर्घ उत्तरीय, लघु उत्तरीय एवं वस्तुनिष्ठ प्रश्न दिए गए है

व्यावसायिक संगठन एवं प्रबन्ध (Business Organisation and Management) Syllabus For B.Com. Ist Semester of Various Universites of Uttarkhand & Patna

• Unit I : Introduction : Business Concept and Objects, Social Responsibility of Business Establishment of New Business Meaning, Objectives Meaning, Objectives and Principles of Organisation, Size of Business Unit, Factors determining Size, Measurement of Size, Concept of Optimum size.
• Unit II : Forms of Business Organisation : Sole Tradership, Partnership Firm, Business (Public and Private), Formation and Choice of Business Organization, Definition of Management, Its nature of purpose, Fayol’s Principles and Elements of Management, Recent Developments of Management Thought.
• Unit III : Planning and Organising : Its nature and purpose, types of plans, Planning steps and process, Management by objectives (MBO), Decision-Making, Forecasting, Organisational Design and Organisational Structure, Power and Distribution of Authority.
• Unit IV : Motivation, Leadership and Direction : Maslow’s Need Hierarchy Theory, Herzberg’s Two Factor Theory, Job Enlargement, Special Motivation Techniques, Definition and Approaches to Leadership, The Principal Tasks of Leadership Role and Principles of Direction.
• Unit V : Controlling : Meaning, definition and techniques of control, Principle of Controlling, Process of Control and Types of Controls, Human Aspect of Controls.
• Unit VI : Plant Location : Concept, Meaning, Importance, Factors Affecting Plant Location. Alfred Weber’s and Sargent Florence’s Theories of Location. Plant Layout—Meaning, Objectives, Importance, Types and Principles of Layout. Factors Affecting Layout.
• Unit VII : Business Combination : Meaning, Characteristics, Objectives, Causes, Forms and Kinds of Business Combination.
• Unit VIII : Rationalization: Meaning, Characteristics, Objectives, Principles, Merits and demerits, Difference between Rationalisation and Nationalisation.

विषय-सूची

1. संघठन, प्रबन्ध एवं प्रशासन
2. व्यवसाय (अवधारणाएं, अर्थ, विशेषताएं एवं महत्व)
3. व्यवसाय एवं समाज, व्यवसाय के उद्देश्य
4. व्यावसायिक संगठन (अर्थ, उद्देश्य एवं विशेषताएं)
5. व्यवसाय का प्रवर्तन
6. नए व्यवसाय की स्थापना
7. सफल व्यवसायी के आवश्यक गुण
8. व्यावसायिक संगठन के प्रारूप
9. एकाकी स्वामित्व
10. साझेदारी (सिमित दायित्व साझेदारी सहित)
11. संयुक्त पूंजी वाली कम्पनी (‘एक व्यक्ति कम्पनी’ सहित)
12. सहकारी संगठन
13. संयंत्र का स्थान
14. संयंत्र विन्यास
15. व्यावसायिक इकाई का आकार
16. व्यावसायिक संयोजन

The post व्यावसायिक संगठन एवं प्रबन्ध (Business Organisation and Management) appeared first on Sahitya Bhawan Publications.

Silent Features of The Business Organisation Book :

The book has been published strictly according to the Common Minimum Syllabus of B.Com. Semester I of University of Lucknow. The unique features of the book are that each & every topic of the new syallbus has been covered in the book. In the chapter of Partnership including Limited Liability Partnership the Limited Liability Partnership (Amendment) Act, 2021 (passed in August, 2021) has been included.
Also the matter of ‘One Person Company’ is amended as per the Finance Act, 2021 and Companies (Incorporation Second
Amendment Rules) 2021.

In the chapter of E-Business, latest trends of E-Business has been included in the book.

Provisions of The Companies Act, 2013 (as amended up-to-date) have been incorporated in the chapter on Joint Stock Company.
The book has been written in simple language that ensures easy understanding.
Suggestions for improvement of the book are solicited.

व्यावसायिक संगठन Business Organisation Syllabus For B. Com. Ist Semester of Lucknow University 

Course Outcome : The students will be able to :
• Understand basics about a business organization and its various forms.
• Understand the social responsibility of business towards the various stakeholders.
• Get knowledge about computation and fixation of remuneration of labour and incentive plans.
• Gain insight about features of stock exchanges and commodity exchanges and their working as well as regulation.
• Gain knowledge of the new patterns of business operations and organizations i.e., E-business, LLP, OPC.
• Understand the various elements and principles of organization.
Unit I : Nature and Scope of business, Social Responsibility of Business, Size of business units, E-business, Business Environment, Government and Business.
Unit II : Forms of business organizations and comparative study : Sole Proprietorship, Partnership, Joint stock company, co-operative organisation, Limited Liability Partnership, One Person company.
Unit III : Business combination and its types, Rationalisation and Automation, Methods
of Remunerating Labour, Stock Market, Commodity Market.
Unit IV : Organization process : Importance, Principles, Types of organization structure, Centralisation and Decentralisation, Committees, Departmentation; Delegation of authority.

The post व्यावसायिक संगठन (Business Organisation) appeared first on Sahitya Bhawan Publications.

Silent Features of The Business Organisation Book :

The book has been published strictly according to the Common Minimum Syllabus of B.Com. Semester I of University of Lucknow. The unique features of the book are that each & every topic of the new syallbus has been covered in the book. In the chapter of Partnership including Limited Liability Partnership the Limited Liability Partnership (Amendment) Act, 2021 (passed in August, 2021) has been included.
Also the matter of ‘One Person Company’ is amended as per the Finance Act, 2021 and Companies (Incorporation Second
Amendment Rules) 2021.

In the chapter of E-Business, latest trends of E-Business has been included in the book. 

Provisions of The Companies Act, 2013 (as amended up-to-date) have been incorporated in the chapter on Joint Stock Company.
The book has been written in simple language that ensures easy understanding.
Suggestions for improvement of the book are solicited.

Business Organisation Syllabus For B. Com. Ist Semester of Lucknow University 

Course Outcome : The students will be able to :
• Understand basics about a business organization and its various forms.
• Understand the social responsibility of business towards the various stakeholders.
• Get knowledge about computation and fixation of remuneration of labour and incentive plans.
• Gain insight about features of stock exchanges and commodity exchanges and their working as well as regulation.
• Gain knowledge of the new patterns of business operations and organizations i.e., E-business, LLP, OPC.
• Understand the various elements and principles of organization.
Unit I : Nature and Scope of business, Social Responsibility of Business, Size of business units, E-business, Business Environment, Government and Business.
Unit II : Forms of business organizations and comparative study : Sole Proprietorship, Partnership, Joint stock company, co-operative organisation, Limited Liability Partnership, One Person company.
Unit III : Business combination and its types, Rationalisation and Automation, Methods
of Remunerating Labour, Stock Market, Commodity Market.
Unit IV : Organization process : Importance, Principles, Types of organization structure, Centralisation and Decentralisation, Committees, Departmentation; Delegation of authority.

Business Organisation Book Contents

1. Nature and Scope of Business
2. Social Responsibility of Business
3. Size of Business Units
4. E-Business
5. Business Environment
6. Government and Business
7. Forms of Business Oranisation and Sole Proprietorship
8. Partnership (Including Limited Liability Partnership)
9. Joint Stock Company and One Person Company
10. Co-Operative Organisation
11. Business Combination
12. Rationalisation and Automation
13. Methods of Remunerating Labour
14. Stock Market
15. Commodity Market
16. Organization (Concept, Nature, Process and Significance)
17. Organization Structure (Including Committees)
18. Centralization and Decentralization
19. Departmentation
20. Delegation of Authority

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