Business Mathematics Syllabus For B.Com. (Hons.) IIIrd Semester of Ranchi University & Nilamber Pitamber University

Unit I Matrices and Determinants : Overview of Matrices; Definition and types; Algebra of matrices; Applications of matrix operations to simple business and economic problems; Calculation of values of determinants up to third order; Finding inverse of a matrix through determinant method; Solution of system of linear equations upto three variables. Leontief Input output Model (Open Model only).
Unit II Permutation and Combination : Basic concept of permutation and combination and simple problems
based on permutation and combination.
Unit III Basic Mathematics of Finance : Basic Mathematics of Finance : Simple and Compound interest
(including continuous compounding); Rates of interest-nominal and effective and their inter-relationships; Compounding and discounting of a sum using different types of rates, annuities, discount-Banker’s discount, Trade discount.

Unit IV Mathematical Reasoning and Aptitude : Types of reasoning, Number series, Letter series, Codes and
Relationships, Mathematical Aptitude (Fraction, Time & Distance, Ratio, Proportion and Percentage, Profit and Loss, Averages).

Unit V Differentiation and Integration : Concept and rules of differentiation; applications of differentitation :
elasticity of demand and supply, Maxima and Minima of functions relating to cost, revenue and profit. Concept and basic rules of integration of a function. Application in Business and commerce.

Unit VI Linear Programming Problem : LPP : Objective Functions, Constraints, Mathematical Formulation of
LPP, Graphical Solution to LPP, Feasible and Infeasible Regions/ Solution, Optimal Feasible Solution.

Business Mathematics Contents : 

1. Matrix
2. Matrix Inverse And Simultaneous Equations
3. Determinants
4. Arithmetic Progression
5. Geometric Progression
6. Harmonic Progression
7. Permutation And Combination
8. Ratio
9. Proportion
10. Simple Interest
11. Compound Interest
12. Annuities
13. Trade Discount And Banker’s Discount
14. Differentiation
15. Integration Of A Function
16. Application Of Integration In Business And Commerce
17. Linear Programming Problem
18. Mathematical Reasoning And Aptitude
19. Applications Of Differentiation
    ● Logarithms, Antilogarithms Tables

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राजनीति विज्ञान (Political Science) Syllabus B.A. (Hons) IInd Semester (Major Course) of Ranchi University & Nilamber Pitamber University

I . Major Course- INDIAN POLITICAL THOUGHT

Unit-I 1. Manu : Manusmriti—Theory of Kinship, Principles of Jurisprudence. 2. Kautilya : Saptang and Mandal Theory.
Unit-II 1. Mahatama Gandhi : Ahinsa, Satya and Satyagraha, Gram Swara. 2. B.R. Ambedkar : Social Democracy and Political and Social Ideas.
Unit-III 1. Lohia : 4 pillars of Democracy and Decentralization. 2 J.P. Narayan : Total Revolution and Party Less Democracy.
Unit-IV 1. Deen Dayal Upadhayaya : Integral Humanism and V.D. Savarkar :Hindutva and Social Reforms.

II . Major Course- INDIAN NATIONAL MOVEMENT AND CONSTITUTIONAL DEVELOPMENT

Unit-I 1. Indian National Movement : The Liberal Phase. 2. Indian National Movement : The Extremist and Revolutionary Phase.
Unit-II 1. The Gandhian Phase : Non-Cooperation Movement, Civil Disobedience Movement and Quit India Movement.
Unit-III 1. Morley-Minto Reform Act of 1909 and Montague Chelmsford Act of 1919. 2. Simon Commission and Government of India Act of 1935 : Main Provisions. 3. Indian Independence Act of 1947 : Main Provisions.

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आईडिया ऑफ़ भारत (Idea of Bharat) Syllabus For B.A. (Hons.) Ist Semester of Ranchi University, Kolhan University, & Nilamber Pitamber University

• Unit I : Concept of Bharatvarsha (1) Understanding of Bharatvarsha, (2) Eternity of synonyms Bharat, (3) Indian concept of time and space, (4) The glory of Indian Literature: Vedas, Vedanga, Upanishads, Epics, Jain and Buddhist Literature, Smriti, and Puranas etc.
• Unit II : Indian Knowledge Tradition, Art and Culture (1) Evolution of language and Script, Brahmi, Kharoshthti; Pali, Prakrit, Sanskrit and Tamil, (2) Salient features of Indian Art and Culture, (3) Indian educational system, (4) The Ethics of Indian Valour.
• Unit III : Dharma, Philosophy and Vasudhaiva Kutumbakam (1) Indian Perception of Dharma, (2) The concept of Vasudhaiva Kutumbakam : Man, Family, Society and world, (3) Polity and governance, (4) Janpada Gram Swarajya.
• Unit IV : Science, Environment and Medical Science (1) Science and Technology in Ancient India, (2) Ancient system of Environmental Management, (3) Traditional system of medicine in ancient India-Yoga and Naturopathy, (4) Indian Numeral System and Mathematics.
• Unit V : Indian Economic Traditions (1) Concept of land, Forest and Agriculture., (2) Industry, inland trade Commerce, (3) Maritime Trade.

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प्रारम्भिक समष्टि अर्थशास्त्र (Introductory Macro Economics) Syllabus For B.A. (Hons.) IInd Semester of Ranchi University & Nilamber-Pitamber University

Unit-I : Introduction to Macroeconomics
1. Macroeconomics, Meaning and Scope;
2. Concept and Measurement of GDP, GNP, NDP and NNP at market price and factor cost;
3. Methods of measuring National Income (Product Method, Expenditure, Income Method);
4. Circular Flow of Income in a Two Sector, Three Sector and Four Sector Model; Real and Nominal GDP.

Unit-II : Money
1. Functions of money.
2. Determinants of Demand for Money and Supply of Money.
3. Quantity Theory of Money-Cash Transaction and Cash Balance Approach; Keynesian
4. Theory of Money and Prices.
Unit-III : Inflation
1. Definition and types of inflation.
2. Demand Pull and Cost Push Inflation.
3. Measures to control inflation-Fiscal and Monetary policy;
4. Phillips Curve.
Unit-IV : Banking
1. Objectives, Functions of Central Bank;
2. Methods of Credit Control-Quantitative and Qualitative methods;
3. Monetary Policy-Objectives and Instruments.
Unit-V : Theories of Employment and Income
1. Classical theory of Employment; Keynesian theory of Effective Demand.
2. Consumption Function, Saving Function-MPC and MPS; Factor affecting Consumption Function; Investment Function-Autonomous and Induced Investment.
3. Marginal Efficiency of Capital (MEC) and Factors affecting MEC;
4. Keynesian Multiplier.
Unit-VI : Trade Cycle
1. Meaning, Phases of trade cycle;
2. Hawtrey’s theory of trade cycle.
3. Monetary measures to control trade cycle.
4. Fiscal measures to control trade cycle.

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भारत का इतिहास प्रारम्भ से. 650 ई. तक (History of India Upto A.D. 650) Syllabus For B.A. IInd Semester of Ranchi University & Nilamber Pitamber University, Medininagar

• Unit I : Sources, Historiography and Prehistoric India
  1. Sources and Historiographical trends of ancient Indian History up to 550C.E.
  2. Survey of Prehistoric India: Paleolithic, Mesolithic, Neolithic and Chalcolithic Cultures.
  3. The Indus—Saraswati Civilization, Debate on the relationship of Indus, Saraswati civilization and Vedic civilization.
  4. Significant features of Indus—Saraswati Civilization, its continuity, fall and survival.
• Unit II : Aryan Civilization
  1. Original home of Aryans, Myths of Aryan Invasion : Various theories.
  2. Vedic Cultures : Early Vedic and Post Vedic Literature and Vedic Polity, Society and Economy.
  3. Vedic Religion and Philosophy.
  4. Epic literature and Culture : Problem of Dating and Historicity of Epics.
• Unit III : India from Sixth Century BCE to Mauryan Age
  1. Sources
  2. India in sixth century BCE Mahajanpada, Republic and Growth of Urban centres, Rise a Magadhan Imperialism.
  3. Religious systems in 6th century BCE, Buddhism and Jainism.
  4. The Maurya Empire, Chandragupta Maurya, Mauryan administration, Ashok and Ashoka’s Dhamma. Mauryan Society, Fall of Mauryan Empire. Greek Invasion and its Impact Indica.
• Unit IV : Post Mauryan Age
  1. Sources
  2. Reoganization of Republic in Post Mauryan Age.
  3. Indo Greek, Saka, Kushan, Shunga, Kharvela, Satvahanas : Society and Culture, Art, Architecture and Coinage.
  4. Sangam Age : Sangam Literature, Society, Culture and Foreign trade in Post Mauryan Age.
• Unit-V : Imperial Guptas
  1. Sources
  2. Imperial Guptas and their Contemporaries.
  3. Gupta Administration
  4. Gupta Art, Architecture, Religion, Literature and development of Science and Technology.

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भारतीय राजनितिक चिन्तन (Indian Political Thought) Syllabus For B.A IInd Semester of Ranchi University & Nilamber Pitamber University, Medininagar

• Unit I : 1. Geographical and Cultural concept of Bharat and sources of Indian Political thought.
  2. Manu-Manusmriti—Theory of Kinship principles of Jurisprudence.
  3. Kautilya—Saptang and Mandal Theory.
• Unit II : 1. Swami Vivekanand and Bal Gangadhar Tilak—Political ideas, Nationalism and Swaraj.
• Unit III : 1. Mahatama Gandhi Ahinsa, Satya and Satyagraha, Gram Swaraj.
• Unit IV : 1. B. R. Ambedkar—Social Democracy and Political and Social Ideas. 2. Vinoba Bhave—Sarvodaya and Bhoodan.
• Unit V : 1. Lohia—4 pillars of Democracy and Decentralization. 2. J. P. Narayan—Total Revolution and Party less Democracy.
• Unit VI : 1. Deen Dayal Upadhayaya—Integral Humanism and V. D. Savarkar—Hindutva and Social Reforms.

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Business Organisation and Management Syllabus For B.Com. Ist Semester (Minor Course) of Kolhan University, Vinoba Bhave University & B.Com. IInd Semester (Major Course) of Ranchi University, Nilamber Pitamber University, Binod Bihari Mahto Koyalanchal University

• Unit I : Concept and Forms of Business Organisations 1. Concepts of Business, Trade, Industry and Commerce-Objectives and functions of Business. 2. Social Responsibility of a business, Responsible Business, Ethical Conduct & Human Values, code of business ethics. 3. Forms of Business Organisation-Meaning, Characteristics and types. 4. Sole Proprietorship-Advantages and Disadvantages of Sole Proprietorship. 5. Partnership-Meaning, Characteristics, Advantages and Disadvantages of Partnership-Kinds of Partners – Partnership Deed. 6. Registration of partnership, Rights and duties of Partners, Reconstitution of Firm, and dissolution. 7. Limited Liability Partnership-Concept, Meaning, Characteristics, Formation and Incorporation of LLP, Partners and their relations, financial disclosures, conversion into LLP, Foreign LLP, Winding up and dissolution. 8. Hindu Undivided Family Business-Advantages and Disadvantages. 9. Co-operative Organisation-Meaning, Advantages and Disadvantages.
• Unit II : Joint Stock Company 1. Joint Stock Company-Meaning, Definition, Characteristics – Advantages and Disadvantages. 2. Kinds of Companies. 3. Promotion-Stages of Promotion-Promoter-Characteristics-Kinds-Preparation of Important Documents-Memorandum of Association-Clauses-Articles of Association-Contents– Prospectus-Contents–Red herring Prospectus Statement In lieu of Prospectus (as per
  Companies Act, 2013). 4. Oppression, Mismanagement, Rights to apply, Powers of Tribunal, Provisions related to Compromises, Arrangement and Amalgamations, Winding up of Company : Concept and Modes of Winding Up; Provisions of winding up under Insolvency and Bankruptcy Code, 2016.
  5. Definitions; Constitution of National Company Law Tribunal; Constitution of Appellate Tribunal; Appeal from orders of Tribunal; Power to punish for contempt.
• Unit III : Principles and Functions of Management 1. Management-Meaning and Characteristics. 2. Fayol’s 14 Principles of Management. 3. Functions of Management. 4. Levels of Management–Skills of Management. 5. Scientific Management-meaning, objectives, relevance and criticism.
• Unit IV : Functions of Management: Planning and Organizing 1. Planning-Meaning, Characteristics, Types of Plans, Advantages and Disadvantages– Approaches to Planning-Management by Objectives (MBO)-Steps in MBO-Benefits– Weaknesses. 2. Organizing-Process of Organizing; Principles of Organisation – Formal and Informal Organisations–Line, Staff Organisations, Line and Staff Conflicts. Functional Organisation. 3. Span of Management-Meaning – Determining Span – Factors influencing the Span of Supervision.
• Unit V : Functions of Management: Authority, Coordination, and Control 1. Meaning of Authority, Power, responsibility and accountability – Delegation of Authority- Decentralization of Authority. 2. Definition, importance, process, and principles of Coordination techniques of Effective Coordination. 3. Control-Meaning, Relationship between planning and control, Steps in Control–Types (post, current, and pre-control). Requirements for effective control.
• Unit VI : Functions of Management: Communication, Motivation and Leadership 1. Communication-purpose, process, formal and informal communication, barriers to effective communication and overcoming these barriers. 2. Motivation-Meaning, importance, major motivation theories- Maslow’s need hierarchy theory, Herzberg’s two-factors theory, Vroom’s Expectation Theory, extrinsic and intrinsic motivation. 3. Leadership-meaning, theories, essential qualities, global leadership attributes, practicing leadership.

Contents:

1. Management Practices In Indian ‘Vedas’
2. Management (Concept, Characteristics, Nature, Process And Significance)
3. Managerial Roles (Mintzberg)
4. Functional Areas Of Management
5. Development Of Management Thought (Classical And Neo Classical System; Contingency Approach, System Approach)
6. Planning
7. Planning Process
8. Types Of Plans
9. Decision-Making
10. Management By Objectives
11. Organisation And Departmentation
12. Authority And Responsibility Relationships
13. Centralisation And Decentralisation
14. Organization Structure : Forms
15. Direction : Concept And Techniques
16. Co-Ordination As An Essence Of Management
17. Communication (Nature, Process And Networks)
18. Barriers To Communication
19. Effective Communication
20. Management Of Change (Process For Planned Change)
21. Recruitment And Selection
22. Controling
23. Motivation
24. Leadership
25. Leadership Theories
26. Delegation Of Authority
27. Business : Concept, Meaning And Features
28. Promotion Of Business (Considerations In Establishing New Business)
29. Forms Of Business Organisation And Sole Proprietorship
30. Partnership (Including Limited Liability Partnership)
31. Joint Stock Company And One Person Company
32. Co-Operative Organisation
33. Social Responsibility Of Business
34. Promotion Of A Company
35. Memorandum Of Association
36. Articles Of Association
37. Prospectus
38. Prevention Of Oppression And Mismanagement
39. Compromises, Arrangements And Amalgamations
40. Winding Up Of Companies
41. National Company Law Tribunal And National Company Law Appellate Tribunal
42. Functions Of Management
43. Levels Of Management Or Managerial Hierarchy

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The post अप्रत्यक्ष कर जी.एस.टी. सहित (Indirect Taxes with G.S.T.) appeared first on Sahitya Bhawan Publications.

• The law stated in this book is as amended upto July, 2022.
• The most unique feature of the book is that Notifications dated 30th July, 2022 regarding exemption to the registered persons whose aggregate turnover is up to Rs. 2 crores from filing GST Annual Return for the Financial Year 2022-23 and deletion of the requirement of Audit of accounts have been included in the book.
• Most authentic, up-to-date and comprehensive text book on GST.
• The book covers all topics of the syllabi of various universities for undergraduate and postgraduate courses.
• In the present revised edition almost all the chapters have been thoroughly revised and updated and chapter on Payment and Refund of Tax (with TDS and TCS) has been completely rewritten.
• At the end of each chapter large number of MCQ and Short Questions with Ans. have been given which enable students to learn faster. This unique feature will serve as the backbone in understanding the whole chapter.
• Latest Examination Question Paper of Ranchi University has been included in the book.
• Law relating to GST has been discussed thoroughly in easy language and in lucid style.
• Amendments in GST made by the Finance Act, 2022 have been duly incorporated in the book.
• The questions asked in recent university examinations have been incorporated in the book.
• Every chapter contains complete explanation of the topic with suitable examples and, where necessary, followed by graded solved illustrations and questions for practice with Ans.

Indirect Taxes and G.S.T. Syllabus For B. Com (Hons.) Semester IV of Ranchi University, Marwari College Ranchi, Ranchi Women’s College, St. Xavier’s College Ranchi and Nilambar Pitamber University Daltonganj (NPU)

Unit I: Overview of GST – Introduction, Challenges of Previous Tax Structure, Taxes under GST (Central Goods and Service Tax, State Goods and Service Tax Union Territory Goods and Service Tax, Integrated Goods and Service Tax & Cess), Difference between VAT, Service Tax & Excise Duty with GST

Unit II: Registration – Introduction, Threshold for Registration, Regular Tax Payer, Composition Tax Payer, Casual Taxable Person, Non-Resident Taxable Person, Unique Identification Number, Registration Number Format, Important Points, Special & Amendments / Cancellation.

Unit III: Determination of Value of Supply / Time of Supply – Taxable Supply, Supply of Goods and Supply of Services, Course or Furtherance of Business, Special Transactions, Time of Supply – Goods, Time of Supply – Services & Other Points.

Unit IV: Place of Supply – Concept of Place of Supply (Interstate Supply, Intrastate Supply, Export of Service & Export of Goods, Import of Service & Import of Goods), Where there is movement of Goods, Where there is no movement of Goods, Where Goods are installed and Assembled, Goods are shipped on board.

Unit V: Levy of and Exemption from Tax – Levy of GST – Introduction, Composition Scheme, Remission of Tax / Duty.

Unit VI: Input Tax Credit – Introduction, Input tax credit process, Negative list of the input tax credit, Input tax credit utilization, Input tax credit reversal, Job worker, Case Studies, Returns, GSTR-2, Other Taxable persons, Annual Return & GST Council.

Unit VII: TDS on GST, TCS on GST.

Unit VIII: Payment of Tax – Electronic Liability Register, Electronic Credit Ledger, Electronic Cash Ledger, Unique Identification Number.

Unit IX : Returns, Refund, Audit and Assessment.

Indirect Taxes and G.S.T. Book Contents

1. Indirect Taxes (An Introduction)
2. Goods And Services Tax (G.S.T.)
3. Taxation Mechanism Under GST
4. GST Council, GST Network, Anti-Profiteering Authority, Avoidance of Dual Control and Key Definitions
5. Impact of GST on Trade, Manufacture, Services, etc
6. Supply : Meaning, Time and Valuation
7. Place of Supply
8. Levy and Collection of GST
9. Registration
10. Input Tax Credit (ITC)
11. Composition Scheme and Reverse Charge Mechanism
12. Computation Of Taxable Value and GST
13. Jobwork, E-Commerce and Supply of Online Data
14. E-Way Billing
15. Returns
16. Payment and Refund of Tax (With TDS And TCS)
17. Invoice and Accounts
18. Assessment and Audit
19. Demand and Recovery Under GST
20. GST Administration, Powers of The Officers, Penalties
    and Prosecution and Compounding of Offences
21. Appeal, Revision and Authority Advance Ruling
22. GST and Technology and GST Network
    Examination Question Paper 2017-2020 of Ranchi University, Ranchi

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अर्थशास्त्र के अध्ययन विषय का तीव्र गति से विकास हो रहा है और विषय में नवीन प्रवृत्तियां प्रवेश कर रही हैं, जिनका सामान्य परिचय अर्थशास्त्र के प्रारम्भिक विद्यार्थियों को भी प्राप्त हो सके। इस बात को दृष्टि में रखते हुए सभी अध्यायों में नवीन प्रवृत्तियों की यथास्थान समावेश और आवश्यक विस्तार के साथ विवेचना की गई है। विषय की विवेचना में नवीनतम् स्थिति तथा घटनाचक्र के उदाहरण देकर विषय को रोचक बनाने का प्रयास किया गया है।
पुस्तक में रेखाचित्रों की सहायता से विषय को इस प्रकार समझाया गया है कि विद्यार्थियों को समष्टि अर्थशास्त्र जैसे क्लिष्ट विषय में रुचि पैदा हो।
नवीन परीक्षा प्रणाली को दृष्टिगत रखते हुए पुस्तक में दीर्घ उत्तरीय, लघु उत्तरीय एवं बहुविकल्पीय प्रश्नों को सम्मिलित किया गया है।

अर्थशास्त्र Economics Syllabus for B.A (Hons.) Semester II of Ranchi University, Nilamber Pitamber University Daltonganj (NPU)

Core Economics Course – 3 प्रारम्भिक समष्टि अर्थशास्त्र (Introductory Macro Economics)

1. Introduction to macroeconomics and National Income Accounting

Basic issues studied in macroeconomics; measurement of gross domestic product; income, expenditure and the circular flow; real versus nominal GDP; price indices; national income accounting for an open economy; balance of payment; current and capital accounts.

2. Money

Definition of money broad money and narrow money, a function of money; quantity theory of money; determination of money supply and demand; credit creation; tools of monetary policy.

3. Inflation

Concept, cost push, demand pull, and mixed inflation, Social costs of inflation.

4.The Closed Economy income determination model in the Short Run

Classical and Keynesian systems; simple Keynesian model of income determination; Multiplier, balanced budget multiplier.

Core Economics Course – 4 अर्थशास्त्र में प्रारम्भिक गणितीय पद्धतियां (Elementry Mathematical Methods in Economics)

1. Preliminaries

Sets and set operations; relations; functions and their properties; number systems.

2. Functions of one real variable

Graphs; elementary types of functions: quadratic, polynomial, power, exponential, logarithmic; sequences and series; continuous functions: properties with respect to various operations and applications; differentiable functions: characterizations, properties with respect to various operations and applications; second order derivatives: properties and applications. Concept of MR, MC, Relationship between Total, Average, Marginal (rev. & Cost).

3. Single – variable optimization

Geometric properties of function: local and global optima: geometric characterizations, characterizations using calculus and applications. Profit maximization models.

4. Exponential and Logarithmic functions and Logarithmic Derivation

Exponential functions, Logarithmic functions, Compound interest, Present values, and capital values, Derivatives of exponential and Logarithmic functions, Problem of capital and interest, Elasticity of a function, Elasticity of demand, Cost elasticity and Normal cost conditions.

5. Integration

Definite integrals, Indefinite integrals, and inverse differentiation, a technique of integration, Relation between average and marginal concepts, applications in consumer surplus.

अर्थशास्त्र (Economics) Book विषय-सूची

Core Economics Course – 3 प्रारम्भिक समष्टि अर्थशास्त्र (Introductory Macro Economics)

1. समष्टि अर्थशास्त्र में विवेचित मूल मुद्दे
2. राष्ट्रीय आय लेखांकन
3. सकल घरेलू उत्पाद (अवधारणा, मौद्रिक जी. डी. पी. बनाम वास्तविक जी. डी. पी. तथा सकल घरेलू उत्पाद की माप)
4. कीमत सूचकांक
5. भुगतान सन्तुलन (या शेष)
6. मुद्रा: परिभाषा एवं कार्य
7. मुद्रा का परिमाण सिद्धान्त
8. मुद्रा मांग का निर्धारण
9. मुद्रा पूर्ति का निर्धारण
10. साख निर्माण
11. मौद्रिक नीति के उपकरण
12. मुद्रा-स्फीति (अवधारणा, मांग प्रेरित, लागत प्रेरित तथा मिश्रित स्फीति और स्फीति की सामाजिक लागत)
13. अल्पकाल में एक बंद अर्थव्यवस्था में आय का निर्धारण मॉडल (प्रतिष्ठित तथा केन्सीय प्रणालियां)
14. आय निर्धारण का केन्सीय मॉडल
15. गुणक तथा सन्तुलित बजट गुणक

Core Economics Course – 4 अर्थशास्त्र में प्रारम्भिक गणितीय पद्धतियां (Elementry Mathematical Methods in Economics)

1. समूह (समुच्चय) तथा समूह संक्रियाएं
2. सम्बन्ध
3. फलन और उनके गुण तथा फलनों की ज्यामितीय विशेषताएं 
4. संख्या प्रणालियां
5. आलेख या बिन्दुरेख
6. फलनों के प्रारम्भिक प्रकार तथा सतत फलन
7. अनुक्रम तथा श्रेणी
8. अवकलन
9. द्वितीय क्रम के अवकलज (उच्चिष्ठ एवं निम्निष्ठ)
10. अर्थशास्त्र में अवकलजों का अनुप्रयोग
11. लाभ अधिकतमकरण मॉडल
12. चरघातांकीय एवं लघुगणकीय फलन
13. चक्रवृद्धि ब्याज
14. वर्तमान मूल्य एवं पूंजी मूल्य की अवधारणाएं
15. मूलधन (पूंजी) तथा ब्याज के प्रश्न
16. फलन की लोच, लागत लोच तथा सामान्य लागत दशाएं
17. समाकलन
18. निश्चित समाकलन
19. अर्थशास्त्र में समाकलन का अनुप्रयोग

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