भूगोल (Geography) Syllabus For B.A. IInd Semester of Maharaja Ganga Singh University, Bikaner

HUMAN GEOGRAPHY

• Unit I : Human Geography : Definition, Nature, Scope and Principles. Inter-disciplinary Approach, Understanding of Cultural Landscape, Man-Nature Relationship— Determinism, Possibilism, Neo-Determinism.
• Unit II : Cultural Regions; Race (Griffith Taylor’s Classification), Tribes—Eskimo, Bushman, Pygmy, Santhal, Nagas, Bhil. Religious and Linguistics composition of World Population.
• Unit III : World Population : Growth, Distribution, Density, Sex-Ratio and Literacy. Population Growth Theory (Malthusian and Demographic Transition Theory). Human Development Index (HDI).
• Unit IV : Factors, Types and Consequences of Migration, Griffith Taylor’s Migration Theory. Trends and Patterns of Urbanisation of the World. Settlements—Types and Patterns. Christallers’s Central Place Theory.

PRACTICAL-II

• Unit I : Definition and Types of Profiles : Serial, Superimposed, Projected and Composite. Weather instruments with description and diagrams, Weather Symbols, Interpretation of Indian daily Weather maps (July and January).
• Unit II : Graphs : Hythergraph and Climograph, Climatograph, Water budget graph, Wind rose.
  Surveying : Meaning, Classification and Significance. Chain and Tape Surveying Open Traverse and Tie-line.

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भूगोल (Geography) Syllabus For B.A. IInd Semester of Various Universities of Bihar 

CLIMATOLOGY AND OCEANOGRAPHY

Unit – I: Composition and Structure of Atmosphere, Insolation.
Unit – II: Air Masses and Fronts—Concepts, Classification and Properties; Tropical and Temperate Cyclones.

Unit – III: Classification of Climate—Koppen’s and Thornthwaite’s, Climatic Change— Causes and evidences.

Unit – IV: Relief of the Ocean floor : Continental Shelf, Slope and Deep Sea Plain, Bottom Relief of Indian and Atlantic Ocean, Factors of Salinity of Oceans.

MAJOR COURSE : PRACTICAL

Unit – I: Graphical Representation of Wind Rose, Cyclone and Anticyclone
Unit – II: Interpretation of Weather Map : Climograph and Hythergraph.
Unit – III: Metrological Instruments : Functions of Wind Vane and Anemometer, Barometer, Dry and Wet Bulb Thermometer.

MINOR COURSE : CLIMATOLOGY AND OCEANOGRAPHY

Unit – I: Composition and Structure of Atmosphere, Precipitation.
Unit – II: Atmospheric Pressure, Winds and Cyclones.
Unit – III : Relief of the Oceanic Bottom : Salinity of Ocean water.

MINOR COURSE : PRACTICAL

Unit – I: Interpretation of Weather Maps: Wind Rose.
Unit – II: Functions of Wind Vane, Anemometer, Barometer, and Rain Gauge.

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भूगोल (Geography) Syllabus For B.A. Ist Semester of Maharaja Ganga Singh University, Bikaner

PAPER-I : PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY
(With Special Reference to Geomorphology)

• Unit I (a) The place of Geomorphology in Physical Geography, (b) Solar system, Origin of the Earth: Nebular hypothesis, tidal hypothesis, Big Bang theory, (c) Physical and chemical state of the interior of the earth: Structure and zone. (d) Alfred Wegner’s theory of continental drift. (e) Plate tectonics.
• Unit II (a) Isostasy, (b) Theories of mountain building: Joly, Kober and Arthur Holmes, (c) Rocks : their types and characteristics.
• Unit III (a) Weathering and soil formation, (b) Earth movements: diastrophism-faults and folds. (c) Earthquakes, (d) Volcanoes: causes and landforms.
• Unit IV (a) Cycle of erosion-W.M. Davis and Walther Penck, (b) Fluvial landforms, (c) Karst landforms.
• Unit V (a) Glacial landforms, (b) Aeolian landform, (c) Coastal landforms.

PAPER-II : GEOGRAPHY OF RESOURCES

• Unit I Geography of Resources : Introductory, Meaning, nature and components of resources. Resources and environment interface.
• Unit-II Classification of Resources : Renewable and non-renewable, biotic (forests, wild-life, livestock, fisheries and agricultural crops) and abiotic (water, land and minerals).
• Unit-III Distribution and utilization of minerals and energy resources ; Their economic and environmental significance. Major soil types and their distribution; Problems of soil erosion and soil conservation.
• Unit-IV Types and distribution of forests, flora, fauna and fisheries ; their economic and environmental significance. Conservation of forest resources.
• Unit-V Distribution and utilization of water ; water harvesting—needs; forms of water; ground water— utility; storing rain water for direct use; economic and environmental significance.

PRACTICAL

Contents :
(1) Scale—Plain, Comparative and Diagonal.
(2) Enlargement, Reduction and Combination of Maps.
(3) Chain—Tape Survey.
(4) Mean, Median, Mode and Standard Deviation.

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भूगोल (Geography) Syllabus For B.A. Ist Semester of Rajasthan University, Jaipur

• Unit I : Definition, Scope and Development of Physical Geography. Origin of the Earth— The Big-Bang Hypothesis; The Interstellar Dust Hypothesis. Geological History of the Earth. Origin of the Continents and Oceans—Continental Drift Theory Plate Tectonic Theory.
• Unit II : Interior of the Earth. Earth Movements—Endogenetic and Exogenetic. Isostasy— Views of Airy; Pratt and Holmes. Volcanoes and Earthquakes.
• Unit III : Mountain Building Theories—Kobber and Holmes. Rocks—Classifications and Characteristics. Denudation—Erosion and Weathering; Cycle of Erosion—Views of W.M. Davis and W. Penck. Drainage System and Pattern.
• Unit IV : Erosional and Depositional Work and Topographies of River, Underground Water,

Glaciers, Wind and Oceanic Waves.
PRACTICAL-1

• Unit I : Definition and Types of Scale : Simple, Comparative, Diagonal and Vernier. Methods of Relief Representation : Hachure, Hill-shading, Bench mark, Spot- Height, Form-lines and Contours.
• Unit II : Representation of Relief features through Contours and description—Conical hill, Plateau, Ridge, Cliff, Escarpment, Gorge, Waterfall, V-shaped valley, U-shaped valley and Hanging valley, Types of Slopes—Gentle, Steep, Uniform, Undulating and Terraced; Lake, Caldera, Spur.

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भूगोल (Geography) Syllabus For B.A. Ist Semester of Jai Narain Vyas Jodhpur University

Unit I : Origin of the earth; Interior of the earth; Theory of Isostasy; Earth movement: Folds and faults (their types only); Rocks and their classification.
Unit II Earthquake and Volcanoes; Major landforms; Mountains, plains, Plateaus and Lakes.
Unit III Weathering and Denudation : Normal cycle of erosion; Work of rivers, glaciers,
ground water and winds.
Unit IV Atmosphere : Composition and Structure; Isolation and Temperature; Atmospheric Pressure and Winds, Humidity and Precipitation; Cyclones
Unit V Hydrosphere : Temperature of ocean water; Salinity of Ocean; Ocean Deposits; Configuration; Tides and currents.

CARTOGRAPHIC TECHNIQUES (PRACTICAL)

1. Scales : Concept and application; Graphical Construction of Plain, Comparative and Diagonal Scales.
2. Topographical Map : Interpretation of a Mountain area with the help of Cross and Longitudinal Profiles.
3. Slope Analysis : Wentworth’s method.
4. Knowledge and use of meteorological instruments, Climatic graphs showing
(i) Maximum, Minimum and Mean Temperature (ii) Monthly rainfall (iii) Monthly temperatures, rainfall and relative humidity (iv) Rainfall Variability (v) Histogram of Rainfall (vi) Hythergraph (vii) Climograph and (viii) Wind rose diagram.
5. Chain and Tape Survey.

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भूगोल (Geography) Syllabus For B.A. Ist Semester of Maharshi Dayanand Saraswati Ajmer University

• Unit I : Definition of Physical Geography, Solar System, Origin of the earth, Motions of the Earth and its Satellite, Solar and Lunar eclipse, Zones of the interior of the Earth and Geological time scale. Wagener’s theory of continental drift, Plate Tectonics; Isostasy.
• Unit II : Theories of Mountain Building—Joly, Kober and Holmes; Diastrophic Forces— Faults and Folds, Earthquakes and Volcano, Concept of Cycle of Erosion— Davis and Penck; Landforms associated with Fluvial, Glacier, Aeolian, Karst and Coastal landscapes.
• Unit III : Composition and layers of Atmosphere; Insolation and Heat Budget of the Earth : Temperature and Pressure; Atmospheric circulations—Planetary and Local winds; Relief Features of Indian Ocean, Distribution of Temperature and Salinity in oceans; Ocean Currents and Tides.

GEOGRAPHY PRACTICAL/INTERNAL ASSESSMENT

1. The Nature and Scope of Cartography.
2. Scales—Plain, Diagonal and Comparative.
3. Enlargement, Reduction and Combination of Maps—Square and Ray Method.
4. Methods of Representation of Relief—Hachures, Spot Height, Bench Mark, Hill Shading, Layer Tint, Contours—Types of Slopes, Valleys, Waterfall, Gorge, Plateau, Conical Hill, Ridge, Saddle and Pass.

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भूगोल (Geography) Syllabus For B.A IVth Semester of Various Universities of Uttar Pradesh

Unit I : Meaning, concepts and approaches of Economic Geography; agricultural region of the world (Derwent Whittlesey).
Unit II : Resource : meaning, concept and classification. Spatial organization of economic activities. 8 Lectures
Unit III : Economic organisation of space, Forestry, fishing and mining activities.
Unit IV : Agricultural typologies, agricultural land use model (J.H. Von Thunen)
Unit V : Types of industries; Factors of location of industries; iron and steel industry, cotton textiles and sugar; Theory of industrial location (Alfred Weber).
Unit VI : World transportation : Sea routes and major transcontinental railways.
Unit VII : WTO and International trade : Patterns and trends.
Unit VIII : Effect of globalization on developing countries

WEATHER MAPS, GEOLOGICAL MAPS AND SURVEYING

Unit I : Weather Maps, Study and Interpretation of Weather Map, Weather Forecasting.
Unit II : Geological Maps : Types, Signs, Bed and Bedding plane, Rock Outcrop, Dip, Strike etc. Construction of Geological Sections.
Unit III : Instrumental Survey : Indian Clinometer.
Unit IV : Instrumental Survey : Theodolite.

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भूगोल (Geography) Syllabus For B.A (Hons.) Ist Semester of Ranchi University

1. Geomorphology : Nature and Scope, Earth : Interior Structure and Isostasy.
2. Earth Movements : Plate Tectonics, Types of Folds and Faults, Earthquakes and Volcanoes.
3. Geomorphic Processes : Gradation, Mass Wasting, Cycle of Erosion (Davis and Penck).
4. Evolution of Landforms (Erosional and Depositional) : Fluvial, Karst, Aeolian, Glacial and Coastal.
5. Applied Geomorphology : Application of Geomorphology to Urbanization, Agriculture, Water Resource Management, Regional Planning and Development.

CARTOGRAPHIC TECHNIQUES-I

1. Scale : Plain, Comparative, Diagonal.
2. Cross Profiles : Serial, Superimposed, Projected, Composite.
3. Topographical Map : Introduction, Interpretation, Identification of Physical and Cultural Features.

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Course I : (Theory)

Unit I : Nature, Scope & Branches of Physical Geography. Earth’s Interior : Structure; Isostasy; Continental drift; Concept of Plate Tectonics.
Unit II : Folding & Faulting, Earthquakes and Volcanoes types; Denudation; Fluvial Landforms.
Unit III : Composition and structure of atmosphere; Vertical & Horizontal distribution of Temperature; Air Pressure and Winds. Koppen’s Climatic Classification.
Unit IV : Major relief features of Ocean Basin; Temperature; Salinity and Major oceanic current; Coral Reefs & Atolls, Tide.

Course II (Practical)

ELEMENTS OF MAP READING AND INTERPRETATION

Unit I : Cartography-Nature ad Scope; Scales-Comparative; Diagonal & Vernier Scale; Study and interpretation of Topographical Map (Mountain, Plateau & Plain) with the help of Cross and Longitudinal Profiles.
Unit II : Map projections : Classification and their properties-Conical with Two Standard Parallel, Bonne’s; Cylindrical Equal Area, Mercator’s Polar Zenithal Equal Area.

भूगोल Geography विषय-सूची 

भूगोल के आधार

1. भूगोल : अर्थ, क्षेत्र और शाखाएं
2. पृथ्वी की उत्पत्ति के सिद्धान्त : क्लासिक और आधुनिक
3. महाद्वीप, महासागरों एवं वायुमण्डल की उत्पत्ति
4. भूवैज्ञानिक समय मापनी
5. मानव भूगोल का अर्थ
6. मानव भूगोल का क्षेत्र
7. मानव भूगोल का विकास एवं प्रकृति
8. मानव भूगोल के उपागम
9. मानव भूगोल के तत्व एवं सिद्धान्त (प्रो. ब्रून्स तथा हूंटिंगटन के विशेष सन्दर्भ में)

भौतिक भूगोल

1. भौतिक भूगोल की प्रकृति, अध्ययन क्षत्रे एवं शाखाएं
2. पृथ्वी की आंतरिक संरचना
3. भू-सन्तुलन
4. वेगनर का महाद्धीपीय प्रवाह सिद्धान्त
5. प्लेट विवर्तनिकी की अवधारणा
6. वालन एवं भ्रंश
7. भूकम्प
8. ज्वालामुखी
9. अनाच्छादन-अपक्षय
10. नदी-सम्बन्धी स्थलाकृतियां
11. वायुमण्डल का संघटन एवं संरचना
12. तापमान : क्षैतिज एवं लम्बवत वितरण
13. वायुदाब एवं पवनें
14. विश्व जलवायु का वर्गीकरण : कोपेन
15. महासागरीय नितल का उच्चावच
16. महासागरीय जल का तापमान एवं लवणता
17. महासागरीय तरंगे, धाराएं व ज्वार-भाटा
18. प्रवाल भित्तियां एवं प्रवाल द्वीप

मानचित्र अध्ययन के तत्व एवं व्याख्या

1. मानचित्रकला : प्रकृति एवं विषय-क्षेत्र
2. मापनी : साधारण, तुलनात्मक, विकर्ण एवं वर्नियर मापनी
3. धरातल पत्रकों का अध्ययन एवं व्याख्या : अनुप्रस्थ एवं अनुदैघ्र्य परिच्छदीका द्वारा किसी (पर्वतीय, पठारी एवं मैदानी) क्षेत्र के धरातल पत्रक की व्याख्या
4. मानचित्र प्रक्षेप : वर्गीकरण, विशेषताएं, दो मानक अक्षांश वाला शंक्वाकार प्रक्षेप , बॉन प्रक्षेप, बेलनाकार समक्षेत्र प्रक्षेप, मार्केटर प्रक्षेप, ध्रुवीय खमध्य समक्षेत्र प्रक्षेप

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Course I : (Theory)

• Unit I Nature and Scope of Physical Geography, Origin of Universe, solar system and Earth. Geological Time Scale (with special reference to evidence from India), Interior of the Earth.
• Unit II Origin of Continents and Oceans, Isostasy, Earthquakes and Volcanoes, Geosynclines, Concept of Plate Tectonics.
• Unit III Rocks, Folding, Faulting, Weathering, Erosion, Cycle of Erosion by Davis and Penk, Drainage Pattern.
• Unit IV Fluvial, Karst, Aeolian, Glacial, and Coastal Landforms.
• Unit V Composition and Structure of atmosphere : Insolation, Atmospheric pressure and winds.
• Unit VI Airmasses and Fronts, cyclones and anti-cyclones, Humidity, precipitation and rainfall types.
• Unit VII Ocean Bottoms, composition of marine water-temperature and salinity. Circulation of Ocean water-Waves. Currents and Tides, Ocean deposits, Corals and atolls.
• Unit VIII Biosphere, Biotic succession, Biome, Zoo-geographical regions of the world.

Course II (Practical)

ELEMENTS OF MAP READING AND INTERPRETATION

• Unit I Cartography—Nature and Scope.
• Unit II Scales—Concept and application; Graphical Construction of Plain, Comparative and Diagonal Scales.
•  Unit III Map Projection—Classification, Properties and Uses; Graphical Construction of Polar Zenithal Stereographic, Bonne’s and Mercator’s Projections and reference to Universal Transverse Mercator (UTM) Projection.
• Unit IV Topographical Map—Interpretation of a Mountain area with the help of Cross and Longitudinal Profiles. Slope Analysis—Wentworth’s method.

भूगोल Geography विषय-सूची 

1. भौतिक भूगोल की प्रकृति एवं अध्ययन क्षेत्र
2. ब्रम्हांड की उत्पत्ति एवं सौरमण्डल
3. सौरमण्डल एवं प्रथवी की उत्पत्ति
4. भू- वैज्ञानिक समय मापनी : भारत के संदर्भ में भू- वैज्ञानिक समय मापनी
5. पृथ्वी की आन्तिरिक संरचना
6. महाद्वीप एवं महासागरों की उत्पत्ति
7. भू-सन्तुलन
8. भूकम्प
9. ज्वालामुखी
10. भूसन्नति
11. प्लेट विवर्तनिकी की अवधारणा
12. चट्टाने
13. वालन एवं भ्रंश
14. अपक्षय
15. अपरदन, डेविस और पेंक का चक्र, अपवाह प्रतिरूप
16. नदी-सम्बन्धी स्थलाकृतियां
17. कार्स्ट स्थलाकृतियां
18. वायु द्वारा निर्मित स्थलाकृतियां
19. हिमानिकृत स्थलाकृतियां
20. तटीय स्थलाकृतियां
21. वायुमण्डल का संघटन एवं सरंचना
22. सूर्यातप
23. वायुमण्डलीय दबाव एवं पवनें
24. वायुराशियां एवं वाताग्र, चक्रवात एवं प्रतिचक्रवात
25. आर्द्रता वर्षा और वर्षा के प्रकार
26. महासागरीय नितल
27. समुर्दी जल का संघटन : तापमान एवं लवणता
28. महासागरीय जल का संचलन : तरंगे, धाराएं व ज्वार-भाटा
29. महासागरीय निक्षेप, प्रवाल एवं प्रवाल द्वीप
30. जीवमण्डल
31. जैविक अनुक्रमण
32. जीवोम तथा विशव के प्राणी-भौगोलिक प्रदेश

प्रायोगिक (Practical)
मानचित्र अध्ययन के तत्व एवं व्याख्या

1. मानचित्रकला की प्रकृति एवं विषय-क्षेत्र
2. मापनी : अवधारणा और अनुप्रयोग, साधारण, तुलनात्मक और विकर्ण मापनी का आलेखि निमार्ण
3. मानचित्र प्रक्षेप : वर्गीकरण, विशेषताएं, उपयोग एवं त्रिविम ध्रुवीय खमध्य प्रक्षेप, बॉन प्रक्षेप, मार्केटर प्रक्षेप और विशवजनीन अनुप्रस्थ मार्केटर प्रक्षेप की आलेखी रचना
4. भारतीय धरातल पत्रकों का अध्ययन एवं व्याख्या : अनुप्रस्थ एवं अनुदैघर्य परिच्छेदिका द्वारा किसी पर्वतीय क्षेत्र के धरातल पत्रक की व्याख्या
5. ढाल विशलेषण : वेन्टवर्थ विधि
6. सर्वेक्षण : समपटल सर्वेक्षण

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