अर्थशास्त्र (Economics)

प्रस्तुत अर्थशास्त्र Economics पुस्तक बी.ए. द्वितीय वर्ष अर्थशास्त्र के प्रश्न पत्र तृतीय एवं चतुर्थ हेतु नए पाठ्यक्रमानुसार तैयार की गयी है। 

अर्थशास्त्र Economics Syllabus For B.A. II Year of Chaudhary Charan Singh University, Meerut

Paper – III: Elementary Quantitative Methods

Unit-I: Quantitative Techniques—Definition, Classification and Techniques, Nature, Functions, Importance, and Limitations. Collection of statistical data—Census and Sample investigation, Classification and Tabulation, Diagrammatic and Graphic representation of data.

Unit-II: Measures of Central Tendency—Meaning, Characteristics and applications, Arithmetic Mean, Median, Mode, Geometric Mean, and Harmonic mean. Measures of Dispersion—Range, Mean Deviation, Standard Deviation, Quartile Deviation, Co-variance, Coefficient of Variance, Skewness, and Kurtosis.

Unit-III: Relationship between two variables—Correlation coefficient – Karl Pearson, Spearman, Concurrent Method, Probable Error, Definition of Index numbers, and computation of simple indices, Time Series – concept and components. A statistical system in India—Central Statistical Organization  (C.S.O.), National Sample Survey Organisation (N.S.S.O.), Population statistics, Agriculture statistics, Industrial statistics, Financial Statistics, Statistical System in U.P.

Unit-IV: Mathematical Concepts in Economics—Elements of Algebra: Concept, Importance, Number System, Algebraic signs and Equations; Set Theory: Meaning, Types; Progressions: Concept, Types, Matrices, and Determinants: Concept, Types, Inverse of a Matrix, Cramer Rule; Concept of Differential and Integral Calculus up to 2nd derivatives, Application of Mathematics in Economics: Illustration on Elasticity, Cost and Revenue Function, Maxima and Minima in single variable function.

Paper – IV: Public Finance

Unit-I: Public Finance—Nature, Scope and significance of Public Finance, Private and Public Finance, Principle of maximum social advantages. Public Revenue—Meaning and Sources of Public Revenue, Canons of Taxation, Classification of taxes, Taxation: The benefit approach, the ability to pay approach, Effect of taxation.

Unit-II: Public Expenditure—Objectives and principles of Public Expenditure, Wagner’s law, Wiseman-Peacock hypothesis, the critical limit of hypothesis, Effects of public expenditure on production and distribution. Public Debt—Objectives, Classification, effects, burden, repayment, and management.

Unit-III: Fiscal Policy—Meaning, Objectives, Tools, and limitations of Fiscal Policy, Fiscal Policy in India. Indian Public Finance—Sources of income: Central and State Governments, Indian Tax System, GST in India, Government Expenditure in India, Public Debt in India.

Unit-IV: Concept of Deficit—Types, Objectives, Effect, and Implications of deficit financing, Deficit financing in India. Government Budget—Concept, Objectives, Components, and Preparation of Budget, Latest Union Budget of India and State Budget of U.P