Physical Chemistry

The Physical Chemistry Book is better than the other available books in the market mainly due to the following points:

• The syllabii of all the universities of Rajasthan have been obeyed word-to-word.
• The matter given is sufficient, neither any part of syllabii is left nor any extra matter is given untill and unless it is very essential.
• In addition to the traditional diagrams, few basic and imaginary diagrams also have been introduced to make the subject clear.
• For biology students many calculations have been simplified, so many important numerical are given as solved examples and for practice, many numerical of a similar kind are given under the heading ‘Solve Yourself’.
• The most important feature of this book is its language, the language is so simple that even very ordinary student can understand it easily, remember and reproduce.

Physical Chemistry Syllabus For University of Rajasthan Jaipur, PT. Deendayal Upadhyaya Shekhawati University Sikar, Raj Rishi Bharthari Matsya University Alwar, Maharaja Surajmal Brij University Bharatpur, B.Sc. Part-I Paper-III

• States of matter:

Ideal gases: Concept of molar mass and molar volume. Determination of molar mass of a gas and volatile substances. The barometric distribution law. Maxwell distribution law of molecular velocities. The Maxwell energy distribution. The Maxwell energy distribution law and it’s experimental verifications.

Real gases: Causes of deviations from ideal gas behavior. Van der waal’ sequations and it’s implications. Isotherms of van der waal’s gas. Critical phenomenon and critical constant. Reduced equation of state and law of corresponding states.

• Liquid State:

Thermal expansion and compressibility, Heat of vaporization. Determination of Vapour pressure and Heat of vaporization. Disorder in liquid state and structure of liquid water. Intermolecular forces. Cohesion of liquids. Eyringtheory of liquids. Crystalline and amorphous states. Isotropy and anisotropy.Elements of symmetry. Law of rational indices. Weiss and miller indices and equation of plane in intercept form. Law of constancy of interfacial angles. Unit cell and lattice powder method of X-ray examination of crystals,seven segment cell.

• Chemical Kinetics:

Rate, Initial rate, specific rate, rate constant and units. Method of determination of initial rate. Order, molecularity and stoichiometry of reaction. Methods of determination of order of reaction. Derivation of integrated rate equations-Zero order, second order and third order.Graphical applications of these equations for the determinations of rate constant. Effect of temperature on rate constant, arrhenius equation, energy of activation and it’s determination. Complex reactions and their nature. How do these reactions differ from simple reactions ? Derivation of rate equation for the opposing reactions (A + B ↔ C); Parallel reactions (P’s are products) and consecutive reactions (A → B → C) characteristics of consecutive reactions.

• Thermodynamics:

Definitions of thermodynamic terms. Concept of work and heat. Work of expansion and compression. Zeroth law of thermodynamics, exact and inexact differential. First law of thermodynamics under isothermal and adiabatic conditions respectively. Enthalpy and changes at constant temperature and pressure. Concept of Cp and Cv and their thermodynamic relationship.Application of first law of thermodynamics. The heat of reaction and heat of formation. Hesse’s Law. Heat of reaction at constant pressure and volume. Variation of heat of reaction with temperature. Bond enthalpies and bond energies.

• Solutions:

Solutions of gases in liquids, Henry’s law and it’s application to respiration.Solutions of solids in liquids and distribution law, distribution law and extraction processes. Osmosis, Osmotic pressure. Determination of Osmotic pressure. Lowering of vapour pressure. Relative Lowering of vapour pressure and Raoult’s Law. Depression in Freezing point and elevation in boiling point.Vant’s Hoff factor and it’s implications.

• Phase Equilibria:

Explanation of terms phase, component and degrees of freedom. Phaserule and it’s thermodynamic derivation. Restricted phase rule. Analysis of (a) One component system such as sulphur and water (b) two-component system such as lead-silver system.

Physical Chemistry Syllabus For Kota University, Kota Maharaja Ganga Singh University, Bikaner B.Sc. I Paper-III

• Mathematical Concepts and Computers:

Mathematical Concepts: Logarithmic relations, curve sketching, linear graphs and calculations of slopes, differentiation of functions like k^x, e^x, xⁿ, sin x, log x; maxima and minima, partial differentiation and reciprocity relations, Integration of some useful/relevant functions: Permutations and combinations, Factorials, Probability.

Computers: General introduction to computers, different components of a computer, hardware and software, input-output devices; binary numbers and arithmetic; introduction to computer languages. Programming, Operating systems.

• Gaseous States:

Postulates of kinetic theory of gases, deviation from ideal behaviour, van der Waals equation of state.

Critical Phenomena: PV isotherms of real gases, continuity of states, the is other ms of van der Waals equation, relationship between critical constants and van der Waals constants, the law of corresponding states, reduced equation of state.

Molecular Velocities: Root mean square, average and most probable velocities. Qualitative discussion of the Maxwell’s distribution of molecular velocities, collision number, mean free path and collision diameter.Liquefaction of gases (based on Joule-Thomson effect).

Liquid State: Intermolecular forces, structure of liquids (a qualitative description). Structural differences between solids, liquids and gases.

Liquid Crystals: Difference between liquid crystal, solid and liquid.Classification, structure of nematic and cholesteric phases. Thermography and seven segment cell.

Colloidal State: Definition of colloids, classification of colloids. Solids in liquids(sols): properties – kinetic, optical and electrical; stability of colloids, Protective action. Hardy-Schulze law, gold number. Liquids in liquids (emulsions) : types of emulsions, preparation, Emulsifier. Liquids in solids (gels): classification,preparation and properties, inhibition, general application of colloids.

• Solid State:

Definition of space lattice, unit cell.Laws of crystallography – (i) Law of constancy of interfacial angles, (ii) Law of rationality of indices, (iii) Law of symmetry. Symmetry elements in crystals.X-ray diffraction by crystals. Derivation of Bragg’s equation. Determination of crystal structure of NaCl, KCl and CSCl (Laue’s method and Powder method).

• Chemical Kinetics and Catalysis:

Chemical kinetics and its scope, rate of a reaction, factors in influencing the rate of a reaction – concentration,temperature, pressure, solvent, light, catalyst. Concentration dependence of rates, mathematical characteristics of simple chemical reactions – zero order, first order, second order, pseudo order, half-life and mean-life period.

(iii) Determination of the order of reaction – differential method, method of integration, method of half-life period and isolation method. Radioactivedecay as a first order phenomenon.Experimental methods of chemical kinetics : conductometric, Potentiometric,optical methods, polarimetry and spectrophotometry.Theories of chemical kinetics : Effect of temperature on rate of reaction, Arrhenius concept of activation energy. Simple collision theory based on hard spheremodel, transition state theory (equilibrium hypothesis). Expression for the rate constant based on equilibrium constant and thermodynamic aspects.Catalysis, characteristics of catalysed reactions, classification of catalysis,miscellaneous examples.

Physical Chemistry Syllabus For M.D.S. University, Ajmer of B.Sc. I Paper-III :

• Gaseous States:

Postulates of kinetic theory of gases, deviation from ideal behaviour, van der Waals equation of state.

Critical Phenomena: PV isotherms of real gases, continuity of states, the is other ms of van der Waals equation, relationship between critical constantand and van der Waals constants, the law of corresponding states,reduced equation of state.

Molecular Velocities: Root mean square, average and most probable velocities. Qualitative discussion of the Maxwell’s distribution of molecular velocities, collision number, mean free path and collision diameter. Liquefaction of gases (based on Joule-Thomson effect.)

Solid State:

Definition of space lattice, unit cell. Laws of crystallography – (i) Law of constancy of interfacial angles, (ii) Law of rationality of indices,(iii) Law of symmetry. Symmetry elements in crystals. X-ray diffraction by crystals. Derivation of Bragg’s equation. Determination of crystal structure of NACl, KCl and CsCl (Laue’s method and powder method).Catalysis, Characteristics of catalyzed reactions, classification of catalysis,miscellaneous examples.

• Liquid State:

Intermolecular forces, structure of liquids (a qualitative description), Structural differences between solids, liquids and gases.

Liquids crystals: Difference between liquid crystal, solid and liquid.Classification, structure of nematic and cholesteric phases. Thermography and seven segment cell.

Solutions, Dilute Solutions and Colligative Properties: Ideal and non-ideal solutions, methods of expressing, concentration of solutions, activity and activity coefficient. Dilute solution, colligative properties, Raoult’s law,relative lowering of vapour pressure, molecular weight determination.Osmosis, law of osmotic pressure and its measurement, determination of molecular weight from osmotic pressure. Elevation of boiling point and depression in freezing point. Experimental methods for determining various colligative properties. Abnormal molar mass, degree of dissociation and association of solutes.

• (A) Mathematical for Chemistry:

Logarithmic relations, curve sketching, linear graphs and calculation of slopes, differentiation of functions like k^x, e^x, xⁿ, sin x, log x; maxima and minima and partial differentiation and reciprocity relations.Integration of some useful/relevant functions; permutations and combinations. Factorials, Probability.

(B) Nuclear Chemistry: Discovery of radioactivity, radioactive emanation— type and properties, units of radioactivity, brief description of Geiger- Muller Scintillation counters for detection and measurement of
radioactivity, radioactive decay—decay law, disintegration constant, half life and average life, alpha and beta disintegration reactions, group displacement law, nuclear reaction—fission, fussion, artificial
radioactivity, applications of radioactivity nuclear power, carbon dating, medical and chemical applications.

(C) Colloidal State: Definition of colloids, classification of colloids. Solids in liquids (sols): properties—kinetic, optical and electrical; stability of colloids, protective action, Hardy-Schulze law, gold number.
Liquids in liquids (emulsions); Types of emulsions, preparation, Emulsifier. Liquids in solids (gels): classification, preparation and properties, inhibition, general applications of colloids.

Physical Chemistry Syllabus For Jai Narayan Vyas University, Jodhpur of B.Sc. I Paper-III :

• Mathematical Concepts: Logarithmic relations, curve sketching, linear graphs and calculation of slopes, differentiation of functions like ax, ex, xn, sin x, cos x, tan x, log x; maxima and minima, partial differentiation,
  Integration of some useful functions; like xn, 1/x, ex, constant, sin x, cos x, integration by parts. Permutations and combinations. Probability.
• Gaseous States: Deviation from ideal behavior, van der Waals equation of
  state and its discussion.
  Critical Phenomena: PV isotherms of real gases, continuity of states, relationship between critical constants and van der Waals constants, the law of corresponding states, reduced equation of state.
  Molecular Velocities: Root mean square, average and most probable velocities (No derivation). Qualitative discussion of the Maxwell’s distribution of molecular velocities, collision number, mean free path and collision diameter. Liquefaction of gases (based on Joule-Thomson effect). Numericals.
• Liquid State and Colloidal State

Liquid State: Intermolecular forces, structure of liquids (a qualitative description). Structure differences between solids, liquids and gases. Liquid crystals: Classification—nematic, smectic and cholestric
phases.Theory of liquid crystal (Swarm theory).

Colloidal State: Definition of colloids, classification of colloids. Solids in liquids (sols) : properties—kinetic, optical and electrical; stability of colloids, Hardy-Schulze law, protective action, Gold number. Liquids in liquids (emulsions) : types of emulsions, preparation, Emulsifier. Theory of Emuloion Liquids in solids (gels) : classification, preparation and properties, inhibitions. General applications of colloids.

• Solutions: Types of liquid mixtures, ideal and non-ideal mixtures, vapour pressure of liquid mixtures, distillation of miscible liquid mixtures. Partially miscible liquids—phenol-water, triethylamine-water, nicotine-water systems, consolute temperature—lower and upper, Effect of impurity on consolute temperature, Phenol-water system, immiscible liquids, Principal and Methodology of steam distillation. Numericals.
• Chemical Kinetics: Rate, order, molecularity and stoichiometry of a reaction, Derivation of Integrated rate law and characteristics of zero, first and second order reactions, Pseudo-first order reaction, Determination of the order of reaction—differential method, method of integration (hit and trial method), half-life method and isolation method. Theories of Reaction Rate : Simple collision theory and its limitations, transition state theory (equilibrium hypothesis) and derivation of the rate constant, Thermodynamical formulation of rate constant, Comparison of collision theory and transition state theory. Numericals.

Physical Chemistry Book Contents

1. Mathematical Concepts
2. Computer
3. Gaseous State
4. Liquid State
5. Solid State
6. Colloidal State
7. Chemical Kinetics
8. Catalysis
9. Solutions
10. Dilute Solutions: Colligative Properties
11. Nuclear Chemistry
    ● Appendix: Few Important Physico – Chemical Quantities
    ● Logarithms and Antilogarithms Tables